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Introduction |
United
States |
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Background:
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Britain's American
colonies broke with the mother country in 1776 and were recognized as
the new nation of the United States of America following the Treaty of
Paris in 1783. During the 19th and 20th centuries, 37 new states were
added to the original 13 as the nation expanded across the North
American continent and acquired a number of overseas possessions. The
two most traumatic experiences in the nation's history were the Civil
War (1861-65) and the Great Depression of the 1930s. Buoyed by
victories in World Wars I and II and the end of the Cold War in 1991,
the US remains the world's most powerful nation-state. The economy is
marked by steady growth, low unemployment and inflation, and rapid
advances in technology. |
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Location:
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North America,
bordering both the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean,
between Canada and Mexico |
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Geographic coordinates:
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38 00 N, 97 00 W |
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Map references:
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North America |
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Area:
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total: 9,629,091
sq km
land: 9,158,960 sq km
water: 470,131 sq km
note: includes only the 50 states and District of Columbia |
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Area - comparative:
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about half the size of
Russia; about three-tenths the size of Africa; about half the size of
South America (or slightly larger than Brazil); slightly larger than
China; about two and a half times the size of Western Europe |
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Land boundaries:
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total: 12,034 km
border countries: Canada 8,893 km (including 2,477 km with
Alaska), Mexico 3,141 km
note: US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba is leased by the US
and thus remains part of Cuba; the base boundary is 29 km |
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Coastline:
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19,924 km |
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Maritime claims:
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contiguous zone:
24 NM
continental shelf: not specified
exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
territorial sea: 12 NM |
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Climate:
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mostly temperate, but
tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the
great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great
Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are
ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds
from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains |
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Terrain:
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vast central plain,
mountains in west, hills and low mountains in east; rugged mountains
and broad river valleys in Alaska; rugged, volcanic topography in
Hawaii |
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point:
Death Valley -86 m
highest point: Mount McKinley 6,194 m |
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Natural resources:
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coal, copper, lead,
molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel,
potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas, timber |
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Land use:
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arable land: 19%
other: 81% (1998 est.)
permanent crops: NEGL% |
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Irrigated land:
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214,000 sq km (1998
est.) |
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Natural hazards:
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tsunamis, volcanoes,
and earthquake activity around Pacific Basin; hurricanes along the
Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts; tornadoes in the midwest and
southeast; mud slides in California; forest fires in the west;
flooding; permafrost in northern Alaska, a major impediment to
development |
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Environment - current issues:
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air pollution resulting
in acid rain in both the US and Canada; the US is the largest single
emitter of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels; water
pollution from runoff of pesticides and fertilizers; very limited
natural fresh water resources in much of the western part of the
country require careful management; desertification |
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Air
Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals,
Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Hazardous Wastes |
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Geography - note:
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world's third-largest
country by size (after Russia and Canada) and by population (after
China and India); Mt. McKinley is highest point in North America and
Death Valley the lowest point on the continent |
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Population:
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280,562,489 (July 2002
est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 21%
(male 30,116,782; female 28,765,183)
15-64 years: 66.4% (male 92,391,120; female 93,986,468)
65 years and over: 12.6% (male 14,748,522; female 20,554,414)
(2002 est.) |
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Population growth rate:
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0.89% (2002 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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14.1 births/1,000
population (2002 est.) |
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Death rate:
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8.7 deaths/1,000
population (2002 est.) |
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Net migration rate:
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3.5 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2002 est.) |
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.05
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2002 est.) |
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Infant mortality rate:
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6.69 deaths/1,000 live
births (2002 est.) |
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population:
77.4 years
male: 74.5 years
female: 80.2 years (2002 est.) |
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Total fertility rate:
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2.07 children
born/woman (2002 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.61% (1999 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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850,000 (1999 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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20,000 (1999 est.) |
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Nationality:
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noun: American(s)
adjective: American |
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Ethnic groups:
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white 77.1%, black
12.9%, Asian 4.2%, Amerindian and Alaska native 1.5%, native Hawaiian
and other Pacific islander 0.3%, other 4% (2000)
note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because
the US Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean a person of Latin
American descent (especially of Cuban, Mexican, or Puerto Rican
origin) living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group
(white, black, Asian, etc.) |
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Religions:
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Protestant 56%, Roman
Catholic 28%, Jewish 2%, other 4%, none 10% (1989) |
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Languages:
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English, Spanish
(spoken by a sizable minority) |
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Literacy:
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definition: age
15 and over can read and write
male: 97%
female: 97% (1979 est.)
total population: 97% |
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People - note:
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note: data for
the US are based on projections that do not take into consideration
the results of the 2000 census |
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Country name:
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conventional long
form: United States of America
conventional short form: United States
abbreviation: US or USA |
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Government type:
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federal republic;
strong democratic tradition |
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Capital:
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Washington, DC |
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Administrative divisions:
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50 states and 1
district*; Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado,
Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia*, Florida, Georgia,
Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana,
Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi,
Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New
Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma,
Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota,
Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia,
Wisconsin, Wyoming |
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Dependent areas:
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American Samoa, Baker
Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman
Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands,
Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island
note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US
administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, but recently
entered into a new political relationship with all four political
units: the Northern Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political
union with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau concluded a
Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1 October 1994);
the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact of Free
Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of
the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US
(effective 21 October 1986) |
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Independence:
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4 July 1776 (from Great
Britain) |
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National holiday:
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Independence Day, 4
July (1776) |
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Constitution:
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17 September 1787,
effective 4 March 1789 |
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Legal system:
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based on English common
law; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations |
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age;
universal |
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Executive branch:
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chief of state:
President George W. BUSH (since 20 January 2001) and Vice President
Richard B. CHENEY (since 20 January 2001); note - the president is
both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President George W. BUSH (since 20 January
2001) and Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20 January 2001);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with Senate
approval
elections: president and vice president elected on the same
ticket by a college of representatives who are elected directly from
each state; president and vice president serve four-year terms;
election last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held 2 November 2004)
election results: George W. BUSH elected president; percent of
popular vote - George W. BUSH (Republican Party) 48%, Albert A. GORE,
Jr. (Democratic Party) 48%, Ralph NADER (Green Party) 3%, other 1%
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Legislative branch:
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bicameral Congress
consists of the Senate (100 seats, one-third are renewed every two
years; two members are elected from each state by popular vote to
serve six-year terms) and the House of Representatives (435 seats;
members are directly elected by popular vote to serve two-year terms)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - Democratic Party 50, Republican Party 49, independent
1; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - Republican Party 221, Democratic Party 211, independent 2,
vacant 1
elections: Senate - last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held
4 November 2002); House of Representatives - last held 7 November 2000
(next to be held 4 November 2002) |
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court (its nine
justices are appointed for life by the president with confirmation by
the Senate); United States Courts of Appeal; United States District
Courts; State and County Courts |
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Political parties and leaders:
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Democratic Party
[Terence McAULIFFE, national committee chairman]; Green Party [leader
NA]; Republican Party [Governor Marc RACICOT, national committee
chairman] |
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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NA |
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International organization participation:
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AfDB, ANZUS, APEC, ARF
(dialogue partner), AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group,
BIS, CCC, CE (observer), CERN (observer), CP, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC,
ESCAP, FAO, G- 8, G-5, G-7, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MIPONUH, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS,
OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SPC, UN, UN Security Council, UNCTAD, UNHCR,
UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOVIC, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UNTAET,
UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO, ZC |
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Flag description:
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thirteen equal
horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white;
there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50
small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal
rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five
stars; the 50 stars represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent
the 13 original colonies; known as Old Glory; the design and colors
have been the basis for a number of other flags, including Chile,
Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico |
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Economy - overview:
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The US has the largest
and most technologically powerful economy in the world, with a per
capita GDP of $36,300. In this market-oriented economy, private
individuals and business firms make most of the decisions, and the
federal and state governments buy needed goods and services
predominantly in the private marketplace. US business firms enjoy
considerably greater flexibility than their counterparts in Western
Europe and Japan in decisions to expand capital plant, lay off surplus
workers, and develop new products. At the same time, they face higher
barriers to entry in their rivals' home markets than the barriers to
entry of foreign firms in US markets. US firms are at or near the
forefront in technological advances, especially in computers and in
medical, aerospace, and military equipment, although their advantage
has narrowed since the end of World War II. The onrush of technology
largely explains the gradual development of a "two-tier labor market"
in which those at the bottom lack the education and the
professional/technical skills of those at the top and, more and more,
fail to get comparable pay raises, health insurance coverage, and
other benefits. Since 1975, practically all the gains in household
income have gone to the top 20% of households. The years 1994-2000
witnessed solid increases in real output, low inflation rates, and a
drop in unemployment to below 5%. The year 2001 witnessed the end of
the boom psychology and performance, with output increasing only 0.3%
and unemployment and business failures rising substantially. The
response to the terrorist attacks of September 11 showed the
remarkable resilience of the economy. Moderate recovery is expected in
2002, with the GDP growth rate rising to 2.5% or more. A major
short-term problem in first half 2002 was a sharp decline in the stock
market, fueled in part by the exposure of dubious accounting practices
in some major corporations. Long-term problems include inadequate
investment in economic infrastructure, rapidly rising medical and
pension costs of an aging population, sizable trade deficits, and
stagnation of family income in the lower economic groups. |
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GDP:
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purchasing power parity
- $10.082 trillion (2001 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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0.3% (2001 est.) |
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GDP - per capita:
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purchasing power parity
- $36,300 (2001 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 2%
industry: 18%
services: 80% (2001 est.) |
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Population below poverty line:
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12.7% (2001 est.) |
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 1.8%
highest 10%: 30.5% (1997) |
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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40.8 (1997) |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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2.8% (2001) |
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Labor force:
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141.8 million (includes
unemployed) (2001) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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managerial and
professional 31%, technical, sales and administrative support 28.9%,
services 13.6%, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and crafts
24.1%, farming, forestry, and fishing 2.4% (2001)
note: figures exclude the unemployed |
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Unemployment rate:
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5% (2001) |
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Budget:
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revenues: $1.828
trillion
expenditures: $1.703 trillion, including capital expenditures
of $NA (1999) |
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Industries:
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leading industrial
power in the world, highly diversified and technologically advanced;
petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications,
chemicals, electronics, food processing, consumer goods, lumber,
mining |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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-3.7% (2001 est.) |
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Electricity - production:
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3,799.944 billion kWh
(2000) |
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel:
70.76%
hydro: 7.19%
other: 2.21% (2000)
nuclear: 19.84% |
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Electricity - consumption:
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3.613 trillion kWh
(2000) |
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Electricity - exports:
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14.829 billion kWh
(2000) |
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Electricity - imports:
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48.879 billion kWh
(2000) |
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Agriculture - products:
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wheat, other grains,
corn, fruits, vegetables, cotton; beef, pork, poultry, dairy products;
forest products; fish |
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Exports:
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$723 billion (f.o.b.,
2001 est.) |
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Exports - commodities:
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capital goods,
automobiles, industrial supplies and raw materials, consumer goods,
agricultural products |
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Exports - partners:
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Canada 22.4%, Mexico
13.9%, Japan 7.9%, UK 5.6%, Germany 4.1%, France, Netherlands (2001)
|
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Imports:
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$1.148 trillion
(f.o.b., 2001 est.) |
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Imports - commodities:
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crude oil and refined
petroleum products, machinery, automobiles, consumer goods, industrial
raw materials, food and beverages |
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Imports - partners:
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Canada 19%, Mexico
11.5%, Japan 11.1%, China 8.9%, Germany 5.2%, UK, Taiwan (2001) |
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Debt - external:
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$862 billion (1995
est.) |
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Economic aid - donor:
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ODA, $6.9 billion
(1997) |
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Currency:
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US dollar (USD) |
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Currency code:
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USD |
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Exchange rates:
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British pounds per US
dollar - 0.6981 (January 2002), 0.6944 (2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180
(1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997); Canadian dollars per US dollar -
1.6003 (January 2002), 1.5488 (2001), 1.4851 (2000), 1.4857 (1999),
1.4835 (1998), 1.3846 (1997); French francs per US dollar - 5.65
(January 1999), 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997); Italian lire per US
dollar - 1,668.7 (January 1999), 1,763.2 (1998), 1,703.1 (1997);
Japanese yen per US dollar - 132.66 (January 2002), 121.53 (2001),
107.77 (2000), 113.91 (1999), 130.91 (1998), 120.99 (1997); German
deutsche marks per US dollar - 1.69 (January 1999), 1.9692 (1998),
1.7341 (1997); euros per US dollar - 1.1324 (January 2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.08540 (2000), 0.93863 (1999)
note: financial institutions in France, Italy, and Germany and
eight other European countries started using the euro on 1 January
1999 with the euro replacing the local currency in consenting
countries for all transactions in 2002 |
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Fiscal year:
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1 October - 30
September |
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Communications |
United States |
|
Telephones - main lines in use:
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194 million (1997) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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69.209 million (1998)
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Telephone system:
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general assessment:
a very large, technologically advanced, multipurpose communications
system
domestic: a large system of fiber-optic cable, microwave radio
relay, coaxial cable, and domestic satellites carries every form of
telephone traffic; a rapidly growing cellular system carries mobile
telephone traffic throughout the country
international: 24 ocean cable systems in use; satellite earth
stations - 61 Intelsat (45 Atlantic Ocean and 16 Pacific Ocean), 5
Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 4 Inmarsat (Pacific and
Atlantic Ocean regions) (2000) |
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 4,762, FM 5,542,
shortwave 18 (1998) |
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Radios:
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575 million (1997) |
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Television broadcast stations:
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more than 1,500
(including nearly 1,000 stations affiliated with the five major
networks - NBC, ABC, CBS, FOX, and PBS; in addition, there are about
9,000 cable TV systems) (1997) |
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Televisions:
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219 million (1997) |
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Internet country code:
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.us |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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7,800 (2000 est.) |
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Internet users:
|
166 million (2001) |
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Transportation |
United States |
|
Railways:
|
total: 212,433
km mainline routes
standard gauge: 212,433 km 1.435-m gauge
note: represents the aggregate length of roadway of all
line-haul railroads including an estimate for Class II and III
railroads (1998) |
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Highways:
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total: 6,370,031
km
paved: 5,733,028 km (including 74,091 km of expressways)
unpaved: 637,003 km (1997) |
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Waterways:
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41,009 km
note: navigable inland channels, exclusive of the Great Lakes
|
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Pipelines:
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petroleum products
276,000 km; natural gas 331,000 km (1991) |
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Ports and harbors:
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Anchorage, Baltimore,
Boston, Charleston, Chicago, Duluth, Hampton Roads, Honolulu, Houston,
Jacksonville, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Port
Canaveral, Portland (Oregon), Prudhoe Bay, San Francisco, Savannah,
Seattle, Tampa, Toledo |
|
Merchant marine:
|
total: 264 ships
(1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,911,641 GRT/9,985,660 DWT
ships by type: barge carrier 1, bulk 11, cargo 14, chemical
tanker 16, collier 1, combination bulk 4, combination tanker 11,
container 86, multi-functional large-load carrier 4, passenger/cargo
2, petroleum tanker 81, roll on/roll off 28, specialized tanker 3,
vehicle carrier 2
note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a
flag of convenience: Australia 1, Canada 4, Denmark 15, France 1,
Germany 1, Netherlands 3, Norway 7, Puerto Rico 4, Singapore 11,
Sweden 1, United Kingdom 3 (2002 est.) |
|
Airports:
|
14,695 (2001) |
|
Airports - with paved runways:
|
total: 5,127
over 3,047 m: 183
2,438 to 3,047 m: 222
914 to 1,523 m: 2,413
under 914 m: 967 (2001)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1,342 |
|
Airports - with unpaved runways:
|
total: 9,568
under 914 m: 7,716 (2001)
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 1,679
1,524 to 2,437 m: 165 |
|
Heliports:
|
132 (2001) |
|
Military branches:
|
Department of the Army,
Department of the Navy (includes Marine Corps), Department of the Air
Force
note: the Coast Guard is normally subordinate to the Department
of Transportation, but in wartime reports to the Department of the
Navy |
|
Military manpower - military age:
|
18 years of age (2002
est.) |
|
Military manpower - availability:
|
males age 15-49:
70,819,436 (2001 est.) |
|
Military manpower - fit for military service:
|
NA (2002 est.) |
|
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
|
males: 2,053,179
(2002 est.) |
|
Military expenditures - dollar figure:
|
$276.7 billion (FY99
est.) |
|
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
|
3.2% (FY99 est.) |
|
Military - note:
|
note: 2002
estimates for military manpower are based on projections that do not
take into consideration the results of the 2000 census |
|
Transnational Issues |
United States |
|
Disputes - international:
|
maritime boundary
disputes with Canada (Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de
Fuca, Machias Seal Island); US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased
from Cuba and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can
terminate the lease; Haiti claims Navassa Island; US has made no
territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so)
and does not recognize the claims of any other state; Marshall Islands
claims Wake Island |
|
Illicit drugs:
|
consumer of cocaine
shipped from Colombia through Mexico and the Caribbean; consumer of
heroin, marijuana, and increasingly methamphetamine from Mexico;
consumer of high-quality Southeast Asian heroin; illicit producer of
cannabis, marijuana, depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and
methamphetamine; money-laundering center |
|
